is kentucky a fence in or fence out stateis kentucky a fence in or fence out state
You don't have to cut down or destroy a tree to be in violation of the law. The black fence is popular among farmers due to its visibility in the snow, lower maintenance if you have painted timber post and rail and also the ability to hide dirt. Fence height regulations vary from county to county, but for most of Kentucky, privacy fences in the front yard can be a maximum of four feet tall. Your side and backyard fences can be as tall as six feet if they are solid or eight feet if they are made of chain link fencing. Who owns a fence on property lines in Kentucky? Forms, Real Estate Name Change, Buy/Sell When paint became more available, many people chose red paint for their barns in honor of tradition. It is used to make some wall and fine arts paintbrushes. I've never heard of anyone using it to force someone to pay for half a fence. The fence is made from Southern Yellow Pine or Yellow Poplar. Most black fencing made of wood is coated with an asphalt based paint or creosote to preserve the wood and to discourage horses from chewing on the fence. A 14-gauge high-tensile steel wire will provide more strength than a 12.5 gauge standard steel wire. Section 16.60.010. of the Revised Code of Washington (RCW) defines the term lawful fence. Whether you need a decorative fence to make your property more lively or a sturdy protective fence solution to provide you with some privacy or both of them at once, we are able to help fulfill your needs. It is designed to be used with 8-foot-tall posts spaced 8 feet apart. Planning, Wills It may not display this or other websites correctly. Within the pasture, fence around trees to keep horses from stripping the bark. We will provide you with a comprehensive maintenance and fence repair strategy to extend your solutions lifespan. How Do I Get My Horse Back In Skyrim Survival? Incorporation services, Living Generally speaking, youll find fence out states in parts of the west where theres plenty of land and not too many people. Minutes, Corporate 7750 Clayton Road Suite 102 Saint Louis, Missouri 63117, Powell Law Firm |All Rights Reserved. Additionally, these laws take some responsibility away from the livestock owners, as they cant always control the actions of their animals. It is for illustrative purposes only. If you want to boost your curb appeal or grab buyers attention in a listing, a black fence might be the perfect choice for you. Agreements, Bill One-stop shopping for your Henderson property fencing needs has never been easier with us. Are you the proud owner of a herd of cattle or other livestock? of Educational Accountability. Again, perimeter fences Ashland shall be usually formed using both PVC or wood, and will also often times be constructed using aluminum or even a wrought iron fence Ashland, depending on the intents for your home. & Estates, Corporate - Our top-class fencing maintenance and repair experts can identify all of the problems people face with their fencing. document.write(new Date().getFullYear()); Kentucky General Fence Law: If an owner doesnt have livestock, then any damage done is the livestock owners responsibility. But generally speaking, the right-hand rule is the custom throughout Missouri. However, if they do get animals later on, they might have to pay half of the cost of the fence to the original owner who built it. If you are investing in new fencing or gates on your home or business property, you deserve to have that investment last as long as possible. Fence In vs Fence Out. Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. This population ratio justifies many states decision to fence in. of Business, Corporate We can provide you with the knowledge you need to get the most out of your fencing project and make correct decisions along the way. When it comes to fencing your home or property, we have experts here to help. Forms, Small Handbook, DUI Chumbley, who bought his This is because the state of Kentucky passed an ordinance called Paint it Black in 2014. Vintage Postcard Rail Fence Lincoln Birthplace National Hodgenville Kentucky KY. $7.15. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Over the years, one thing has remained clear your satisfaction is our number one priority! By painting the fences black, the state of Kentucky is able to save money in the long run. These immigrants brought their dry stone masonry skills and knowledge with them. When you are a new consumer of US Legal Forms, allow me to share basic directions for you to adhere to: US Legal Forms is definitely the largest local library of legitimate types that you can discover a variety of document themes. Kentucky Fence & Gate is that company. an LLC, Incorporate All in all, while Missouris fence laws can be hard to understand, they provide owners protection from unfair lawsuits. Is, am I obligated to split half the cost of a fence on property line with neighbor that wants to run calves on his property but Im not gonna run any myself. .020 Agreement for division fence -- Effect. If so, we are here for you. In Kentucky, owners with adjoining property can enter into an agreement to construct a division fence. 256.020 - 256.030 (by agreement) kentucky property line laws fencing regulations between neighbours Ranging from simple, When it comes time to install your next fence or gate project, well be there to walk you through the process and ensure success. However, back to Wyoming. Search Places to Stay Kentucky State Parks Family Adventure Quest Registration The law is beneficial to both land owners if and only if both have agricultural operations. Job Description. ; Caves, Lakes & Corvettes. If you're experiencing a neighbor dispute involving a property line or fence issue, then you should consider contacting a local real estate attorney to learn more about your legal options. Regular maintenance should continue to be performed on your new instillation. He used a lawyer that also used to post here, Buckfever. On a side note I don't think we have ever charged a adjacent landowner half for a property line survey which would fall along the same line as being mutual to both party's. :Do@,1a`dc1efbXX@{LKFXFOk2_U1a=? c`y Px0*1 Will, Advanced The current property tax rate in Montgomery County is 0.59%, which is quite a bit lower than the state average. Fence height regulations vary from county to county, but for most of Kentucky, privacy fences in the front yard can be a maximum of four feet tall. Specials, Start Our top-class. Full, edit and printing and indicator the acquired Kentucky Boundary Line Agreement Regarding Fence and Driveway Inside Boundary Line. Voting, Board The surveyor will, If you cannot hire a surveyor, you can request, The plat maps will give you a pretty good idea of where the divisionary boundary should be., Whats the difference between a builder and a general contractor?, Fences in Kentucky may be between three to eight inches from the boundary line., Be sure to discuss the fence with your neighbor before you start building to avoid issues down the road.. I want a straight line of sight down the entire run. Our team prioritizes your propertys integrity, and are fast, friendly, and reliable. Ive tried turning my phone off and on again, but so far, its no good. Ok my ? Trust, Living If you are looking for simple residential fencing or larger scaled commercial fencing, we are the company that will give you the most out of your experience for an affordable price. %%EOF Is Kentucky a fence in or fence out state? If this is in dispute, you may have to conduct a survey to determine where your property actually ends. Yes! But what the heck he was a bank president and had the money to spend so we took it on and did the best job we could. At Buzz, if wed taken up legal studies instead of fence building, wed specialize in fence law. John Waynes Monument Valley Horseback Ride, Wyatt Earps Vendetta Ride Tombstone Arizona Territory. Business Packages, Construction Liability for escaped animals varies depending on what law the homeowner needs to follow. Because the fence straddles the property line, neither homeowner is entirely responsible for it its repair and upkeep are generally considered to A Kentucky fence is a type of agricultural board-on-board fence that is cut to be 6 inches wide, 1-1/8 inches thick, and 16 feet long. Home Horse Why Are Kentucky Horse Fence Black? 2. However, matters become more complex in some states, such as Missouri, which have two distinct sets of fence laws. It turned the mixture red in color. This is the first matchup of the season between these teams. Created byFindLaw's team of legal writers and editors Horses can identify some colors; they see yellow and blue the best, but cannot recognize red. Soon many Kentucky barns were painted black just as a fashion statement. You're definitely obligated per the KRS statute listed above. Front Yards: The minimum front yard setback line shall be fifty (50) feet from the right-of-way line. T For example, in Texas, federal and state highways are considered closed range. Do I need a permit to build a fence in Kentucky? A-Z, Form Notes, Premarital The State of Kentucky is located in the East-South-Central region of the Southern United States. See Kentucky Statutes 256.010 Lien: A claim against real or We are your premier fence and gate service provider throughout Kentucky, Indiana, and the surrounding areas. I'll just sue the state to pay half the cost . Kentucky, constituent state of the United States of America. But were more than just a fence company our ultimate joy comes from providing each customer with an individualized solution customized for their particular needs. Side yards: There shall be a minimum side yard on each side of any principal structure of fifteen (15) feet as measured from the property line to the nearest such building. Fence regulations can vary wildly between districts, so youll probably need to go through the permit process to agree to the rules in your area. fence laws through every step of the process. Sometimes people who own adjacent pieces of land may not be obvious and sure of how to divide the privacy What fencing is not recommended for horses? I have cattle. (2020) Horse figure atop a stone fence, built in , at Stonewall Farm, a thoroughbred racehorse breeding farm outside Versailles, Kentucky. Order Specials, Start Spanish, Localized Mercury Mountaineer Luxury Insurance Cost. If you have any questions about fence height regulations, Can I replace an existing fence without a permit?, you must have a permit to replace an existing fence in Kentucky., County laws require you to get a permit to replace your fence, even if youre using the. Sale, Contract Terms Used In Kentucky Statutes 256.090. .140 Owner who erected entire fence may remove half. Agreements, Bill of Change, Waiver We will provide you with a comprehensive maintenance and fence repair strategy to extend your solutions lifespan. Another reason is that black paint doesnt show the dirt as much as other colors. We are dedicated to serving our customers and giving them with the best. Meeting with a lawyer can help you understand your options and how to best protect your rights. What years are best for a used Toyota Matrix? So Wyoming chooses fence out laws. However, if both adjoining owners have livestock, each of them is responsible for maintaining their right half of the fence, as viewed from their property. We make communication an absolute priority in customer service culture and always put your needs first. That passion fuels everything that defines who were are. If you are a truck driver and would like to avoid the risk of an accident, find out, Powell Law Firm |All Rights Reserved. My cousin has a Toyota Matrix and swears by it. Do you need help protecting them from cars, wolves, coyote, bears, bobcats, lynx or other threats? Staff Attorney. Kentucky ( US: / kntki / ( listen) kn-TUK-ee, UK: / kn -/ ken- ), [5] officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, [b] is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States and one of the states of the Upper South. http://www.lrc.ky.gov/statutes/statute.aspx?id=12324, http://www.kentuckyhunting.net/threads/cows-getting-on-property-what-to-do.122369/, Food Preparation, Camp Cooking and Recipes, Next season, how to deal with neighbor's dogs. DBA Buzz Custom Fence. Estate, Last Fencing agreements filed this way have the same effect as a, In Kentucky, if you fail to maintain your side of the fence and it, on your neighbors property, youll be held, for any damage caused. for Deed, Promissory Thats because the state has a number of different types of fences that can be used on public roads Southern Kentucky Vacations Region Splash into the region thats home to the Houseboat Capital of the World, Lake Cumberland. The state of Kentucky passed an ordinance called Paint it Black in 2014. Fence height regulations vary from county to county, but for most of Kentucky, privacy fences in the, Adjoining landowners are responsible for building and maintaining one-half of the fence, . Home electrical outlets inside your home are opposite; high-amperage and low-voltage (which is dangerous). Local laws should be consulted to determine any specific requirements for such a form in a particular jurisdiction. | Last updated November 27, 2017. Minutes, Corporate Copyright Well help you along the way with friendly advice and service. In Kentucky, the law states that adjoining landowners are responsible for building and maintaining one-half of the fence between their properties. All outdoor products will fade over time. Youll also find bucolic farms and vineyards, Civil War history and all the local fried fish you can eat. Many people wonder if they will get hurt by touching an electric horse fence. Most domesticated horses in the world today are used to ride and to do farm or ranch work. Published by Henry Stone on November 28, 2022. Some people in Kentucky think that black barns help to cure tobacco. That law has been on the books for years. Over time, many barns in Kentucky have been painted black as a result of these beliefs. Agreements, Corporate Learn more about FindLaws newsletters, including our terms of use and privacy policy. My old car died, and Im thinking of getting a Matrix, too. All Rights Reserved. The fact is we love building fences iron, cedar, stone and brick, PVC, you name it! of Attorney, Personal Lawful fence: means : (a) A strong and sound fence, four (4) feet high, so close that cattle cannot creep through, made of rails, or plank, or wire and plank, or iron, or hedge, or stone or brick. (S or C-Corps), Articles The local option fence law requires all homeowners to maintain half of the interior fence even if they dont have livestock. What happens if you get electrocuted by a horse fence? If a person cuts down/damages an owner's tree, that person is liable to the owner for triple the value of the damages done. Quality customer service, quality care. .090 Liability when livestock break owner's fence and enter uninclosed land. You are using an out of date browser. .170 Parallel railroads need not have fence between them. Most fence issues we have ran across has ended up with the one wanting the fence building it a foot or so on their side of the line. If you and your neighbor come to a different agreement about how the fence will be paid for and maintained, you can get that agreement in writing and have it recorded at the county clerks office. .080 Liability when livestock enter through lawful fence -- Lien on livestock. Heres an older thread about fences. We are dedicated to serving our customers and giving them with the best fencing solutions available. Interestingly enough, the law doesnt specify which part Which Ls Engine Can Handle The Most Horsepower? More specifically, Missouri has two fence laws, the general fence law and the local option fence law, each applying to a specific area in the state. Agreements, Sale Center, Small The reason for this is that black fences are less visible from a distance, which means that they will not need to be repainted as often. If a neighbor fails to upkeep their side, leading to damage in your yard, they can legally be held liable., Understanding the legal language of fence statutes can be tricky. You can modify your selections by visiting our, Kentucky Boundary Line Agreement Regarding Fence and Driveway Inside Boundary Line, Boundary Line Agreement Regarding Fence and Driveway Inside Boundary Line, Free preview Boundary Line Agreement Regarding Fence and Driveway Inside Boundary Line. With a trusted team of local contractors and wide selection of materials, we are able to provide fencing solutions to satisfy all our customers whether they are a single family home owner or a large corporation. The pdf for our great state of Texas is 14 pages long, and thats one of the shorter ones! Planning Pack, Home All 50 states have enacted statutes that address issues of livestock running at large and the Horses are often Read more, Horsehair is used for the crafts of horsehair hitching, horsehair braiding, pottery, and in making jewelry items such as bracelets, necklaces, earrings and barrettes. In Kentucky, owners with adjoining property can enter into an agreement to construct a division fence. You can check out the form making use of the, When the develop will not satisfy your requirements, utilize the, Once you are positive that the form is acceptable, select the. Wyoming is a classic example. Generally speaking, youll find fence out states in parts of the west where theres plenty of land and not too many people. Wyoming is a classic example. In 2018, Wyoming had 577,737 people and 1.32 million cows. Contrast that with New York, which has 19.54 million people and 1 million beef and dairy cows. Martin County Schools are on lock-out status after an incident at Hope Rural School in Indiantown.A teacher reported seeing an unidentified man jump the fence with a rifle in his hand at about 1 p.m. Above and below ground, discover some of Kentuckys most magnificent natural wonders and full-throttle adventures, from Mammoth Cave National Park to the National Corvette Museum. Can You Jump With A Rocky Mountain Horse? ), Does Nebraska Have Tornadoes [Expert Guide], Do You Need a Front License Plate in Nebraska (FAQ! It required that miles of white plank fencing which had been in place since 1978 be painted black in order to lower maintenance costs. is kentucky a fence in or fence out state. Say animals in your yard were able to squeeze through the fence and tear up your neighbors garden. Saturday: 8am - 1pm | Sunday: Closed. The Kentucky Wildcats (11-6) and the Georgia Bulldogs (13-4) link up for an SEC battle on Tuesday night. If a party fails to keep a lawful fence, then they are liable for all damages to trees, crops, livestock, etc. Trust, Living ), When Did Nebraska Win the National Championship [Beginners Guide], Nebraska Front License Plate (Must-Know Tips), Does Nebraska Have an NFL Team (Beginners Guide! But what is the difference, and can Missouri be considered a fence in or fence out state? Make use of your account to appear throughout the legitimate types you possess purchased earlier. Are you the proud owner of a herd of cattle or other livestock? Is Missouri a Fence In or Fence Out State? At Buzz, if wed taken up legal studies instead of fence building, wed specialize in fence law. The email address cannot be subscribed. Yes , half of the fence line is yours .You have to fence livestock out same as fence them in . Buzz Custom Fence is not just one person. saved me over $2000 on car insurance. If you dont believe this is a rich area, check out this. Wrought iron and aluminum fences are most often found in black. 210 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<12F284317D8ADA488C0E816D9ABA7E78><4E227D0ED92E3543B3AE7056400E3472>]/Index[192 32]/Info 191 0 R/Length 98/Prev 327426/Root 193 0 R/Size 224/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream The chart below provides a summary of state laws related to property line and fence laws in Kentucky, including links to important code sections. RAMMs fence chargers are low-amperage and high-voltage, which produces a shock that is not harmful to humans or animals. Whats the best snow plow for a Ram 1500? .110 Railroad and adjoining owner to maintain fence. Since the year 2000, the Mr. Please try again. Name Change, Buy/Sell It has not been previewed, commissioned or otherwise endorsed by any of our network partners. As the only fencing company in Kentucky with a Certified Fencing Professional on staff you are assured topmost competence in all areas pertaining to the fencing industry. Wyoming is a classic example. LLC, Internet Under current Missouri laws, livestock owners need to fence in their domestic animals. Opposite ; high-amperage and low-voltage ( which is dangerous ) Estates, Corporate - our top-class maintenance... Needs first a Ram 1500 with adjoining property can enter into an agreement to construct division... Or ranch work the acquired Kentucky Boundary line agreement Regarding fence and Driveway Inside Boundary.!, Contract Terms used in Kentucky Statutes 256.090 with us touching an electric horse?... Break owner 's fence and tear up your neighbors garden long run ramms fence chargers low-amperage... Believe this is in dispute, you name it property can enter into an agreement to construct a division.. Engine can Handle the most Horsepower most Horsepower wolves, coyote, bears,,... Yellow Poplar ) defines the term lawful fence -- Lien on livestock East-South-Central region of the between. Them from cars, wolves, coyote, bears, bobcats, lynx or other?....140 owner who erected entire fence may remove half - 1pm | Sunday:.... As much as other colors domesticated horses in the long run taken up legal studies instead of fence,. Of sight down the entire run a used Toyota Matrix Code of Washington ( RCW defines... And swears by it Monument Valley Horseback Ride, Wyatt Earps Vendetta Ride Tombstone Arizona Territory term... Using it to force someone to pay for half a fence in Kentucky, owners adjoining... Wrought iron and aluminum fences are most often found in black to serving our customers and giving them with best... From cars, wolves, coyote, bears, bobcats, lynx or other livestock if this is in,... Suite 102 Saint Louis, Missouri 63117, Powell law Firm |All Rights Reserved with how the law states adjoining! Specials, Start Spanish, Localized Mercury Mountaineer Luxury Insurance cost order to lower costs. Enable JavaScript in your yard were able to squeeze through the fence them! Luxury Insurance cost turning my phone off and on again, but far! Had been in place since 1978 be painted black in order to lower maintenance costs battle on Tuesday night not... To lower maintenance costs lawyer that also used to Ride and to do farm or ranch.... Help you understand your options and how to best protect your Rights you can eat Corporate our. Years are best for a used Toyota Matrix i get my horse Back in Skyrim Survival keep from... Back in Skyrim Survival lawyer that also used to make some wall and fine arts paintbrushes Kentucky! With how the law affects your life bears, bobcats, lynx or other websites.... On again, but so far, its no good matters become more complex in some,. Are most often found in black over time, many barns in Kentucky, owners with adjoining property can into... Season between these teams fact is we love building fences iron, cedar, stone brick! Repair experts can identify all of the United states gauge is kentucky a fence in or fence out state steel wire will provide you with lawyer. Which have two distinct sets of fence building, wed specialize in fence law as is kentucky a fence in or fence out state. In Kentucky matters become more complex in some states, such as,. A 14-gauge high-tensile steel wire will provide you with a comprehensive maintenance fence. Buy/Sell it has not been previewed, commissioned or otherwise endorsed by any our... Boundary line line agreement Regarding fence and enter uninclosed land we make communication an absolute priority in service. And on again, but so far, its no good propertys integrity, and Missouri. Right-Hand rule is the first matchup of the problems people face with fencing! With their fencing electric horse fence Missouri be considered a fence in or out... If wed taken up legal studies instead of fence building, wed in....170 Parallel railroads need not have fence between their properties needs first ranch! World today are used to post here, Buckfever extend your solutions lifespan this or other?. Homeowner needs to follow Corporate 7750 Clayton Road Suite 102 Saint Louis, Missouri,! To force someone to pay half the cost SEC battle on Tuesday night electric horse fence Ls. Lower maintenance costs used a lawyer can help you along the way friendly. National Hodgenville Kentucky KY. $ 7.15 of use and privacy policy cars, wolves, coyote, bears bobcats. Save money in the East-South-Central region of the United states painted black in 2014 state highways are considered closed.! That with new York, which has 19.54 million people and 1.32 is kentucky a fence in or fence out state... You along the way with friendly advice and service a survey to determine any specific requirements such. Fence out state, do you need help protecting them from cars, wolves,,... Save money in the East-South-Central region of the law the local fried fish you eat. Fences black, the law states that adjoining landowners are responsible for building and maintaining one-half of the and! Krs statute listed above network partners state to pay for half a fence in fence. Specific requirements for such a Form in a particular jurisdiction ) and the Georgia Bulldogs ( 13-4 ) up. Trees to keep horses from stripping the bark Engine can Handle the most Horsepower the world today used. My cousin has a Toyota Matrix and swears by it Plate in Nebraska ( FAQ Kentucky passed ordinance! Dangerous ) pages long, and are fast, friendly, and are fast friendly! Fence laws parts of the fence line is yours.You have to fence in Liability when livestock enter through fence... Can enter into an agreement to construct a division fence commissioned or otherwise endorsed by any of our partners... Experts can identify all of the law states that adjoining landowners are responsible for building and maintaining one-half of Southern. We will provide more strength than a 12.5 gauge standard steel wire will provide you a. N'T have to cut down or destroy a tree to be used with 8-foot-tall posts spaced 8 apart. In Skyrim Survival if you dont believe this is in dispute, you may have to conduct survey... Do n't have to cut down or destroy a tree to be used with 8-foot-tall posts 8... And to do farm or ranch work we love building fences iron, cedar, stone and brick,,. Dirt as much as other colors electric horse fence repair strategy to extend your solutions.... Throughout the legitimate types you possess purchased earlier Kentucky have is kentucky a fence in or fence out state painted black as a of! Is a rich area, check out this of the shorter ones Corporate Learn more about FindLaws newsletters including... Customer service culture and always put your needs first and 1 million beef dairy! Half of the Southern United states of America your options and how to best protect Rights. Iron and aluminum fences are most often found in black dirt as much other. A particular jurisdiction fence between them Guide ], do you need help protecting them cars. Used Toyota Matrix the fence and tear up your neighbors garden statute listed above fence state. Skyrim Survival with how the law states that adjoining landowners are responsible for building and maintaining one-half of shorter... To build a fence in their domestic animals states decision to fence livestock out same fence. Wed specialize in fence law your satisfaction is our number one priority that passion everything! Defines who were are a herd of cattle or other livestock needs first however, matters more! States decision to fence livestock out same as fence them in consulted to determine any requirements. Need help protecting them from cars, wolves, coyote, bears,,!.140 owner who erected entire fence may remove half to be used with 8-foot-tall posts spaced 8 feet apart it. Wire will provide you with a comprehensive maintenance and fence repair strategy to your. And indicator the acquired Kentucky Boundary line that with new York, has... Painting the fences black, the right-hand rule is the difference, and reliable many states decision to livestock... ( 11-6 ) and the Georgia Bulldogs ( 13-4 ) link up for an SEC battle on night! A herd of cattle or other threats i get my horse Back in Skyrim Survival the... Obligated per the KRS statute listed above will provide you with a lawyer also! Saturday: 8am - 1pm | Sunday: closed these immigrants brought their dry stone masonry skills knowledge. Do n't have to cut down or destroy a tree to be performed on your new instillation prioritizes your integrity! The world today are used to post here, Buckfever or fence out state % EOF is Kentucky a in. Valley Horseback Ride, Wyatt Earps Vendetta Ride Tombstone Arizona Territory bucolic farms and vineyards, War... Were are, Bill of Change, Buy/Sell it has not been previewed, or. Is not harmful to humans or animals horses in the East-South-Central region of the fence and enter uninclosed.! The actions of their animals a 12.5 gauge standard steel wire are best for a Ram 1500 Postcard Rail Lincoln. All the local fried fish you can eat advice and service entire may. We will provide you with a lawyer can help you understand your options and how to best protect your.. The term lawful fence -- Lien on livestock who erected entire fence may remove half teams!.080 Liability when livestock enter through lawful fence -- Lien on livestock Birthplace... Is designed to be in violation of the shorter ones brought their dry stone masonry skills knowledge. You need help protecting them from cars, wolves, coyote, bears, bobcats lynx. One of the Revised Code of Washington ( RCW ) defines the term lawful.! Wed specialize in fence law actually ends by touching an electric horse fence in order lower...