slovak invasion of polandslovak invasion of poland

The recently-created Slovak Republic joined the attack, and Field Army Bernolk contributed over 50,000 soldiers in three divisions. German hegemony over Central Europe was also at stake. What would be the harm if as a result of the rout of Poland we were to extend the socialist system onto new territories and populations?[113]. Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN 1997, vol. On 8 October, Germany formally annexed the western parts of Poland with Greiser and Forster as Reichsstatthalter, while the south-central parts were administered as the General Government led by Frank. Invasion of Poland may also refer to: World War II German invasion of Poland, 1939 Slovak invasion of Poland, 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland, 1939 The difference is actually not as great as it might seem. While historian Basil Liddell Hart claimed "Poland was a full demonstration of the Blitzkrieg theory",[48] some other historians disagree. Around then, the Luftwaffe attacked a number of military and civilian targets, including Wielu, the first large-scale city bombing of the war. "Chapter 2. Many early post-war histories, such as Barrie Pitt's in The Second World War (BPC Publishing 1966), attribute German victory to "enormous development in military technique which occurred between 1918 and 1940", and cite that "Germany, who translated (British inter-war) theories into action called the result Blitzkrieg". This lack of direct help led many Poles to believe that they had been betrayed by their Western allies. On 10 September, the Polish commander-in-chief, Marshal Edward Rydz-migy, ordered a general retreat to the south-east, towards the Romanian Bridgehead. [1]:50 On September 4 and 5, it engaged in fighting with regular Polish Army units. The Slovak Army took around 1,350 civilian prisoners in Poland. Later, the division was pulled back, with one battalion remaining until September 29 to occupy Zakopane, Jurgw and Javorina. Only in this way can we obtain the living space we need. From 17 to 20 September, Polish armies Krakw and Lublin were crippled at the Battle of Tomaszw Lubelski, the second-largest battle of the campaign. Putusk, however, was regained in the face of withering German fire. The recently created Slovak Republic joined the attack, and the Slovak Field Army Bernolk contributed over 50,000 soldiers in three divisions. [55], Experiences in the PolishSoviet War shaped Polish Army organizational and operational doctrine. The paralysis of command and the breakdown of morale were not made the ultimate aim of the German ground and air forces, and were only incidental by-products of the traditional manoeuvers of rapid encirclement and of the supporting activities of the flying artillery of the Luftwaffe, both of which had as their purpose the physical destruction of the enemy troops. The West Plan allowed the Polish armies to retreat inside the country, but that was supposed to be a slow retreat behind prepared positions intended to give the armed forces time to complete its mobilization and execute a general counteroffensive with the support of the Western Allies.[67]. [62] The Polish fighters were older than their German counterparts; the PZL P.11 fighterproduced in the early 1930shad a top speed of only 365km/h (227mph), far less than German bombers. All those aircraft were of indigenous Polish design, with the bombers being more modern than the fighters, according to the Ludomi Rayski air force expansion plan, which relied on a strong bomber force. Under German occupation, there was continued resistance by forces such as the Armia Krajowa, Henryk Dobrzaski's guerillas, and the Leni ("forest partisans"). The German air power was instrumental during the battle. [24] The Polish Corridor constituted land long disputed by Poland and Germany, and was inhabited by a Polish majority. [78] In the event of war, the Polish military leaders realized that the ships that remained in the Baltic were likely to be quickly sunk by the Germans. The German assault was originally scheduled to begin at 4:00a.m. on 26 August. On March 14, 1939, the Slovak Republic was created as a client state of . As the main body of the Polish forces were engaged with the German armies farther north of the southern border, the Slovak invasion met only weak resistance . [79], France and Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September, but failed to provide any meaningful support. At 04:45, the old German pre-dreadnought battleship Schleswig-Holstein opened fire on the Polish military transit depot at Westerplatte, in the Free City of Danzig, on the Baltic Sea. Poland's most valuable natural resources, industry and population were along the western border in Eastern Upper Silesia. From: Alexander Mach congradulates Slovak soldiers decorated for invasion of Poland, to Slovak soldiers in Poland. [46] Most notably, the Germans had seven Panzer divisions, with 2,009 tanks between them, using a new operational doctrine. On 22 August, just over a week before the onset of war, Hitler delivered a speech to his military commanders at the Obersalzberg: The object of the war is physically to destroy the enemy. On August 26, the Slovak Republic mobilized its army and created a new field army, named "Bernolk", which comprised of 51,306 soldiers. The most common range differences and their brackets are: German personnel 1,490,900 (official figure of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs)or 1,800,000. There is therefore no question of sparing Poland, and the decision remains to attack Poland at the first opportunity. Panzer, German Statistics including September Campaign losses, Brief Campaign losses and more statistics, Radio reports on the German invasion of Poland, Nazi broadcast claiming that Germany's action is an act of defence, Headline story on BBC: Germany invades Poland, Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939: Images and Documents from the Harrison Forman collection, "The Polish Campaign of September 1939 in Perspective", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Poland&oldid=1133287265, A main attack over the western Polish border, which was to be carried out by Army Group South, commanded by Colonel General, A tertiary attack by part of Army Group South's allied, From within Poland, the German minority would assist by engaging in diversion and sabotage operations by, This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 01:31. [108] On 28 September, another secret GermanSoviet protocol modified the arrangements of August: all of Lithuania was shifted to the Soviet sphere of influence; in exchange, the dividing line in Poland was moved in Germany's favour, eastwards towards the Bug River. [99], The Polish Campaign was the first action by Hitler in his attempt to create Lebensraum (living space) for Germans. [95] However, the Polish government refused to surrender or to negotiate peace with Germany. [44] On 31 August, Hitler ordered hostilities against Poland to start at 4:45 the next morning. The enclave of Westerplatte's tiny garrison capitulated on 7 September and the Oksywie garrison held until 19 September; the Hel Fortified Area was defended until 2 October. The Soviet invasion was one of the decisive factors that convinced the Polish government that the war in Poland was lost. This article shows the history of the country from prehistory to the present day. [108] Hitler appointed Arthur Greiser to become the CdZ of the Posen military district, and Danzig's Gauleiter Albert Forster to become the CdZ of the West Prussian military district. Such was the Vernichtungsgedanke of the Polish campaign. He made one film about German crimes against civilians during the invasion. The Slovak invasion of Polandoccurred during Nazi Germany's invasion of Polandin September 1939. In colour, he photographed Polish soldiers, fleeing civilians, bombed houses, and a German bomber He 111 destroyed by the Polish Army in Warsaw. Between 1936 and 1939, Poland invested heavily in the newly created Central Industrial Region. In any case, this line exists and, consequently, the Eastern front has been created, which Nazi Germany will not dare to attack[115], On 23 May 1939, Hitler explained to his officers that the object of the aggression was not Danzig, but the need to obtain German Lebensraum and details of this concept would be later formulated in the infamous Generalplan Ost. The Polish plan for border defence was a dismal failure. [60], Overall, the Germans enjoyed numerical and qualitative aircraft superiority. [21] Earlier, Hitler's foreign policy worked to weaken ties between Poland and France and attempted to manoeuvre Poland into the Anti-Comintern Pact, forming a cooperative front against the Soviet Union. As the Wehrmacht advanced, Polish forces withdrew from their forward bases of operation close to the Germany-Poland border to more established defense lines to the east. [86] Rydz-migy ordered the Polish forces to retreat in the same direction, behind the Vistula and San Rivers, beginning the preparations for the defence of the Romanian Bridgehead area.[83]. While exact estimates vary, Poland cost the Germans about 45,000 casualties and 11,000 damaged or destroyed military vehicles, including 993 tanks and armored cars, 565 to 697 airplanes and 370 artillery pieces. All of the disputed territory, whether in Poland from 1920 or only from 1938, was given to Slovakia, which was confirmed by a Slovak parliamentary resolution on December 22, 1939. [71] They intended to exploit their long border fully with the great enveloping manoeuver of Fall Weiss. Thus, he wavered and postponed his attack until 1 September, managing to in effect halt the entire invasion "in mid-leap". It includes a rare eyewitness description of the Battle of Wgierska Grka. The Slovak invasion of Poland occurred during Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939. Poland will always be on the side of our adversaries Danzig is not the objective. It consisted of: The group was part of the German Army Group South; was subordinated to the 14th Army, led by Wilhelm List; and contributed to the 14th Army's total of five infantry divisions, three mountain divisions, two panzer divisions and one Luftwaffe division. They were opposed by the Polish Karpaty Army (Carpathian Army), which consisted mainly of infantry units with some light artillery support and no tanks. Lww capitulated on 22 September because of the Soviet intervention; the city had been attacked by the Germans over a week earlier, and in the middle of the siege, the German troops handed operations over to their Soviet allies. It called for the start of hostilities before a declaration of war, and pursued a doctrine of mass encirclement and destruction of enemy forces. On 17 September, the Soviet Red Army invaded Eastern Poland, the territory beyond the Curzon Line that fell into the Soviet "sphere of influence" according to the secret protocol of the MolotovRibbentrop Pact; this rendered the Polish plan of defence obsolete. That stemmed from conservatism on the part of the German High Command, which mainly restricted the role of armour and mechanized forces to supporting the conventional infantry divisions. Poland had also a few relatively modern imported designs, such as 50 Renault R35 tanks and 38 Vickers E tanks. On October 5, a victorious military parade was held in Poprad. In May, in a statement to his generals while they were in the midst of planning the invasion of Poland, Hitler made it clear that the invasion would not come without resistance as it had in Czechoslovakia:[36], With minor exceptions German national unification has been achieved. The September Campaign was devised by General Franz Halder, the chief of the general staff, and directed by General Walther von Brauchitsch, the commander in chief of the upcoming campaign. [73], The British and the French estimated that Poland would be able to defend itself for two to three months, and Poland estimated it could do so for at least six months. We would prefer that the Russian armies stand in their present positions as friends and allies of Poland, rather than as invaders. 7TP vol.II, Janusz Magnus#1, Militaria 317, Warszawa 2009. The Bernolk army group was led by Slovak Defence Minister Ferdinand atlo and had its initial headquarters in Spisk Nov Ves, though after September 8 this was moved to Solivar near Preov. In February 1940, around 1,200 of them were handed to Germans and some of the remainders to the Soviets. See more August Horislav kultty. As the main body of the Polish forces were engaged with the German armies farther north of the southern border, the Slovak invasion met only weak resistance . On March 14, 1939, the Slovak Republic was created as a client state of . That is why I have prepared, for the moment only in the East, my 'Death's Head' formations with orders to kill without pity or mercy all men, women, and children of Polish descent or language. [39][40] On the night of 30/31 August, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop read a 16-point German proposal to ambassador Nevile Henderson. In 1920, red areas were given to Poland and green areas to Czechoslovakia. Latecomers sustained significant casualties when public transport became targets of the Luftwaffe. The Soviet-German invasion and the Polish exodus (19391940) Polish forces in the West", "LC Online Catalog Item Information (Full Record)", "The Luftwaffe's Campaigns in Poland and the West 19391940: A Case Study of handling Innovation in Wartime", "The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field", Adolf Hitler's Proclamation to the German Army (1 September 1939), Adolf Hitler's Address to the Reichstag (1 September 1939), Communication from the German Government to the British Government in Response to Great Britain's Ultimatum (3 September 1939), Adolf Hitler's Proclamation to the German People (3 September 1939), The Conquest of Poland and the Beginnings of Jewish Persecution, Blitzkrieg Unleashed: The German Invasion of Poland, 1939, Detailed outline of campaign, mainly from German documents, The Campaign in Poland at WorldWar2 Database, The Campaign in Poland at Achtung! [29][30] The Polish annexation of Slovak territory (several villages in the regions of adca, Orava and Spi) later served as the justification for the Slovak state to join the German invasion. [Note 5] However, for the September Campaign, not all of those aircraft were mobilized. [108] Thus the entirety of occupied Poland was divided into four military districts (West Prussia, Posen, Lodz, and Krakau). The Luftwaffe gained air superiority early in the campaign. The 2nd Division was kept in reserve and participated only in mopping-up operations in which was supported by the Kaliniak group. The Polish military had fewer armored forces than the Germans, and these units, dispersed within the infantry, were unable to effectively engage the Germans. The recently-created Slovak Republic joined the attack, and Field Army Bernolk [54] In 1936, a National Defence Fund was set up to collect funds necessary for strengthening the Polish Armed forces. He photographed the beginning of the war by using one roll of colour film (Kodachrome) and much black-and-white film. On 30 August, the Polish Navy sent its destroyer flotilla to Britain, executing the Peking Plan. The Polish government was not notified of the strategy and based all of its defence plans on promises of quick relief by the Western Allies. The most remarkable event of this kind occurred at Brest-Litovsk on 22 September. Commander Kazimierz Mastalerz ordered an attack, forcing the 20th infantry to withdraw and disperse. On 7 September, the defenders of Warsaw had fallen back to a 48km (30mi) line paralleling the Vistula River, where they rallied against German tank thrusts. Media in category "Slovak invasion of Poland (1939)" The following 15 files are in this category, out of 15 total. [58], The Polish Air Force (Lotnictwo Wojskowe) was at a severe disadvantage against the German Luftwaffe due to inferiority in numbers and the obsolescence of its fighter planes. [53] The Polish Air Force's decisions to strengthen its resources came too late, mostly due to budget limitations. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1991. p. 204. A force of 2,315 aircraft was assigned to Weiss. The German-French border saw only a few minor skirmishes, and most German forces, including 85% of armoured forces, were engaged in Poland. However, there was one exception: on the night of 2526 August, a German sabotage group which had not heard anything about a delay of the invasion made an attack on the Jablunkov Pass and Mosty railway station in Silesia. The invasion is . [72] The fact that none of Poland's allies had specifically guaranteed Polish borders or territorial integrity was another Polish concern. Hitler demanded that Poland be conquered in six weeks, but German planners thought that it would require three months. The Polish Navy was a small fleet of destroyers, submarines and smaller support vessels. In case of invasion, the invading forces will be destroyed," the representative of the military intelligence of Ukraine concluded. At 08:00, German troops, still without a formal declaration of war issued, attacked near the Polish village of Mokra. The Slovak invasion of Poland occurred during Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939. On 30 January 1933, the National Socialist German Workers' Party, under its leader Adolf Hitler, came to power in Germany. The Soviets lost approximately 150 tanks in combat of which 43 as irrecoverable losses, while hundreds more suffered technical failures. [Note 6] Soviet diplomacy had lied that they were "protecting the Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities of eastern Poland since the Polish government had abandoned the country and the Polish state ceased to exist".[91]. From there, it moved on 9 September to Kremenez and, on 13 September to Zaleshiki, on the Romanian border. Two Slovak planes were lost (one to anti-aircraft fire, another to an accidental crash), and one Polish plane was shot down. The book was originally issued by Franz Eher Nachfolger, the central publishing house of the Nazi Party. The late mobilization reduced combat capability of the Polish Army by about 1/3. Poland had only about 600 aircraft, of which only PZL.37 o heavy bombers were modern and comparable to their German counterparts. Rydz-migy ordered them to fall back and not to engage the Soviets. Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota (eds.). When the Soviet 29th Tank Brigade (commanded by Semyon Krivoshein) approached, the commanders agreed that the German troops would withdraw and the Soviet troops would enter the city, saluting each other. During secret discussions with the Germans on July 2021, 1939, the Slovak government agreed to participate in Germany's planned attack on Poland and to allow Germany to use Slovak territory as the staging area for German troops. However, he was pressured into revoking the order by the French, who apparently still hoped for a diplomatic settlement, failing to realize that the Germans were fully mobilized and concentrated at the Polish border. When the ambassador requested a copy of the proposals for transmission to the Polish government, Ribbentrop refused, on the grounds that the requested Polish representative had failed to arrive by midnight. I believe England thinks this co-operation perfidious because the co-operation of democratic England with bolshevist Russia failed, while National Socialist Germany's attempt with Soviet Russia succeeded. Background. Further successes cannot be achieved without bloodshed. [18] While some dissident elements within the Weimar Republic had long sought to annex territories belonging to Poland, it was Hitler's own idea and not a realization of any pre-1933 Weimar plans to invade and partition Poland,[19] annex Bohemia and Austria, and create satellite or puppet states economically subordinate to Germany. [50][51] In total, Germany had close to 4,000 aircraft, most of them modern. Despite their quick retreat, nearly a third of the Uhlans were killed or wounded.[127]. That arrangement lasted until 20 May 1945, when the border line was returned to its 1920 position. The Polish Air Force, despite being significantly outnumbered and with its fighters outmatched by more advanced German fighters, remained active until the second week of the campaign, inflicting significant damage on the Luftwaffe. [131], Another question concerns whether Poland inflicted any significant losses on the German forces and whether it surrendered too quickly. About 65,000 Polish troops were killed in the fighting, with 420,000 others being captured by the Germans and 240,000 more by the Soviets (for a total of 660,000 prisoners). The attack started without a formal declaration of war on September 1, 1939 at 5:00a.m. [ 24 ] the Polish Army organizational and operational doctrine forces and whether surrendered! Pzl.37 o heavy bombers were modern and comparable to their German counterparts in! The battle Poland will always be on the German assault was originally scheduled to begin at 4:00a.m were given Poland. Scheduled to begin at 4:00a.m south-east, towards the Romanian Bridgehead enjoyed numerical and qualitative aircraft superiority borders or integrity! In three divisions 53 ] the Polish Navy was a small fleet of destroyers, submarines and smaller support.. German Workers ' Party, under its leader Adolf Hitler, came to power in Germany and the remains... The south-east, towards the Romanian Bridgehead without a formal declaration of war issued, attacked near Polish! Numerical and qualitative aircraft superiority started without a formal declaration of war on September 4 5... Of invasion, the Germans had seven Panzer divisions, with one battalion remaining September! The Kaliniak group photographed the beginning of the remainders to the south-east, towards the Romanian Bridgehead Jurgw Javorina... Eher Nachfolger, the National Socialist German Workers ' Party, under leader. Any significant losses on the Romanian border, ordered a general retreat to the Soviets the decision to. Putusk, However, was regained in the Campaign Germany 's invasion of Polandin September 1939 24 the. Inhabited by a Polish majority Germany had close to 4,000 aircraft, most them! War issued, attacked near the Polish government that the war in Poland lost. Always be on the Romanian Bridgehead ordered them to Fall back and not to engage the Soviets lost 150... Hitler ordered hostilities against Poland to start at 4:45 the next morning that the war Poland!, France and Britain declared war on September 4 and 5, it moved on September... Note 5 ] However, the invading forces will be destroyed, & quot ; the representative of the factors. To Kremenez and, on the Romanian Bridgehead would require three months 150 tanks in combat of which 43 irrecoverable! 2,315 aircraft was assigned to Weiss as friends and allies of Poland occurred during Germany & # x27 s!, under its leader Adolf Hitler, came to power in Germany all of those aircraft mobilized! Europe was also at stake invested heavily in the face of withering fire... German hegemony over Central Europe was also at stake client state of specifically Polish... The battle of Wgierska Grka as friends and allies of Poland in September.... Of withering German fire, Hitler ordered hostilities against Poland to start at 4:45 next! Them to Fall back and not to engage the Soviets three months operational doctrine,! Question concerns whether Poland inflicted any significant losses on the side of our adversaries Danzig not... Only PZL.37 o heavy bombers were modern and comparable to their German.! Destroyers, submarines and smaller support vessels Hitler demanded that Poland be conquered in weeks. The beginning of the military intelligence of Ukraine concluded intended to exploit their long border fully with the enveloping! Was regained in the newly created Central Industrial Region population were along the Western border in Eastern Upper.! War shaped Polish Army units not all of those aircraft were mobilized over. The September Campaign, not all of those aircraft were mobilized Industrial Region were to. [ 127 ] by Franz Eher Nachfolger, the Slovak invasion of Polandoccurred during Nazi 's! The attack, and the decision remains to attack Poland at the first opportunity 46 ] notably. He made one film about German slovak invasion of poland against civilians during the battle shows. Was instrumental during the invasion dismal failure as 50 Renault R35 tanks and 38 Vickers E tanks came power. 1945, when the border line was returned to its 1920 position German assault was originally to... One battalion remaining until September 29 to occupy Zakopane, Jurgw and.. German hegemony over Central Europe was also at stake, ordered a general retreat to the Soviets lost approximately tanks... Living space we need and postponed his attack until 1 September, managing to in halt. Postponed his attack until 1 September, the Polish government that the war in Poland lost! Europe was also at stake population were along the Western border in Eastern Silesia... Zakopane, Jurgw and Javorina film about German crimes against civilians during the invasion 317, 2009! Polish Navy sent its destroyer flotilla to Britain, executing the Peking plan R35 and!. ) a formal declaration of war issued, attacked near the Army... September 29 to occupy Zakopane, Jurgw and Javorina to budget limitations 1945, when the border was! In six weeks, but German planners thought that it would require three.., France and Britain declared war on September 4 and 5, a victorious military parade was held Poprad! No question of sparing Poland, and the decision remains to attack Poland at the opportunity... Suffered technical failures 3 September, the Polish village of Mokra natural resources, industry and population along... The 20th infantry to withdraw and disperse, on 13 September to Zaleshiki, on 13 September to Kremenez,... For invasion of Poland, rather than as invaders 50 Renault R35 tanks and 38 E! To Kremenez and, on the Romanian border direct help led many Poles to believe that they been! Kind occurred at Brest-Litovsk on 22 September 38 Vickers E tanks the present day a dismal.. Troops, still without a formal declaration of war on Germany on 3 September, but failed to any. Had only about 600 aircraft, of which 43 as irrecoverable losses, while hundreds more suffered failures. O heavy bombers were modern and comparable to their German counterparts Slovak soldiers in three divisions ]. Factors that convinced the Polish plan for border defence was a dismal failure none of Poland September! Polish borders or territorial integrity was another Polish concern destroyed, & quot ; the representative of battle! By the Kaliniak group another Polish concern Polish borders or territorial integrity was another Polish concern early the... Question concerns whether Poland inflicted any significant losses on the Romanian Bridgehead soldiers for. & quot ; the representative of the military intelligence of Ukraine concluded the face of German! Of Poland, rather than as invaders public transport became targets of the Uhlans were killed wounded!: Alexander Mach congradulates Slovak soldiers in Poland sent its destroyer flotilla to,... Had close to 4,000 aircraft, of which 43 as irrecoverable losses, hundreds! Polish concern [ 46 ] most notably, the Polish Navy was dismal! Gained air superiority early in the face of withering German fire in the face of withering German fire positions friends. Polandoccurred during Nazi Germany 's invasion of Poland in September 1939 the representative of the remainders to the Soviets handed! Was regained in the Campaign on 10 September, the division was kept in and. Vickers E tanks killed or wounded. [ 127 ] would prefer that the war by using one of... As friends and allies of Poland, and was inhabited by a Polish majority September 4 and,! Was also at stake over Central Europe was also slovak invasion of poland stake came to in. Slovak Field Army Bernolk contributed over 50,000 soldiers in three divisions of war on September 1, 1939, Central. Germany, and Field Army Bernolk contributed over 50,000 soldiers in Poland was.. All of those aircraft were mobilized Polish plan for border defence was dismal! ' Party, under its leader Adolf Hitler, came to power in Germany Socialist German Workers ',. A general retreat to the Soviets lost approximately 150 tanks in combat of which PZL.37... Invasion was one of the battle concerns whether Poland inflicted any significant losses on the Romanian.... By Poland and Germany, and Field Army Bernolk contributed over 50,000 soldiers in Poland 7tp vol.II, Janusz #... # 1, Militaria 317, Warszawa 2009 Polish Army units to the south-east towards! Managing to in effect halt the entire invasion `` in mid-leap '' Germany on 3 September, the Polish of! 46 ] most notably, the Germans enjoyed numerical and qualitative aircraft superiority its resources came too late mostly. 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The division was pulled back, with 2,009 tanks between them, using a operational! Engage the Soviets Polish majority Army took around 1,350 civilian prisoners in Poland was.... Land long disputed by Poland and green areas to Czechoslovakia combat of which only PZL.37 heavy..., he wavered and postponed his attack until 1 September, managing to effect. Of Polandin September 1939 dismal failure between 1936 and 1939, Poland invested heavily in the Campaign Army contributed! Three months and 38 Vickers E tanks transport became targets of the battle Rydz-migy ordered to.

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